THE SITUATION
Every
year people who plant trees install millions of tree protectors. The people who make such purchases often do so after listening
to manufacturer claims and little else. While many of these claims are supposedly backed up by data, the data are often presented
in a biased or incomplete way.
Nonetheless, it is true that trees with protectors are better off in the vast majority
of cases than trees without any protection. It is not true that all protectors and shelters provide equal protection.
As
a result of the lack of good, unbiased data, most tree planters are oblivious of the harm being done to their trees. Moreover,
in many cases those who do the actual plantings do not return to the site to inspect the trees and are therefore not aware
of the harm these protectors do.
BACKGROUND
The good that
protectors do has been well established. Many studies (not included here) and countless applications attest to their success
in protecting trees from animals, stimulating growth, etc.
The problem arises from the fact that not all protectors
perform these functions equally well. Some actually harm, even kill the trees they're supposed to protect.
PROTECTOR FUNCTIONS
Primary functions are to promote tree health and improve survival.
Secondary functions have to do with the growth rate of the tree.
HEALTH & SURVIVAL
Deer,
mice, voles, and other critters damage and destroy millions of newly planted trees each year. Although many of these trees
may cost less than a quarter apiece, the labor and overhead costs can be much higher. The cost of replacing dead trees is
higher yet.
According to a study conducted by David Wise of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, data from 29 CREP
sites showed almost four times as many trees protected by Tubex shelters died from vole infestation as did among trees protected
by Tree Pro protectors. The actual mortality rate was: 21.4% for Tubex vs. 5.1% for Tree
Pro.
Malcolm Olson of Olsen's Tree Farm in northwestern Pennsylvania and southwestern New
York found only one solitary mouse in the 80 Miracle Tube shelters he installed. In the other shelters he used, he found that
between 50 and 60% were infested with mice, most with families of mice.
It is believed that the higher incidence
of rodent infestation has to do with the cozier environment provided by some protectors. Unvented protectors that are pressed
down into the ground are the worst offenders in this regard because they provide rodents with a warmer environment.
Tree
health and survival have to do with more than protecting the trees from animals. As is shown below, protectors can create
an environment that places tree health and survival at risk.
GROWTH RATE
It's
well-known that tree protectors accelerate growth.
Dan Myer of the Department of Forestry, University
of Wisconsin, reported that, "Tree shelters have increased growth in some oak trials in England by as much as 500 percent
in three growing seasons; 350 percent is not unusual. Most U.S. trials report 100 to 200 percent improvement over unsheltered
seedlings."
Unfortunately, this growth is vertical only. Although a more rapid vertical growth rate
is generally a good thing, there is a downside if the rate is excessive. Rapid vertical growth, without commensurate diameter
growth, produces a stem that is sometimes too thin to support the canopy. This sometimes causes the top of the tree to
snap off even in moderate winds.
While all protectors stimulate vertical growth, excessive vertical growth
is a primarily a problem of the darker unvented shelters. Because they transmit less light, the tree will "concentrate"
growth on the vertical in an effort to reach the light entering the top of the shelter.
With lighter colored vented
shelters such as Tree Pro and Miracle Tube, enough light enters the protector wall to stimulate diameter growth.
During
a study lasting from 1996 to 2002, Purdue University of West Lafayette, Indiana, found the shelter with the lightest color;
i.e., Tree Pro, produced a 35 percent improvement in diameter growth in Engelmann
spruce seedlings over the shelter with the darkest color; i.e., Tubex.
According to Dr. Hailu Sharew of
the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, seedlings protected by Tubex brown protectors attained a height of 53.7 inches
and a diameter of .462 inches after three growing seasons. The average Tree Pro seedling attained a height of 65.5 inches
and a diameter of .646 inches.
The average Miracle Tube seedling did even better, the best of the five
protectors studied. (Tree Pro was second best.) The average Miracle Tube seedling attained a height of over 74 inches
and a diameter of .678 inches in that same period of time.
The
diameters of trees in Tree Pros outgrew trees in Tubex by more than 37 percent.
The diameters of trees in Miracle Tubes outgrew trees in Tubex by more than 47 percent.
Paul
Easley, 1990 Illinois Tree Farmer of the Year, wrote that, "We stuck [Tree Pro] tubes over a couple of acorns as they
sprouted out of the ground and, to my amazement, they outgrew some of the nursery stock."
Jim Hissom
of the Pennsylvania Forest Stewardship Program said that thanks to 48 and 60-inch Miracle Tube shelters, "The growth
[of 16 American Chestnuts and 20 black cherry cultivars] was phenomenal, despite the unusual amount of rain."
PROTECTOR FEATURES & CHARACTERISTICS
Features are attributes that are intentionally
designed into the protector. Characteristics, at least in this use of the term, include unintended consequences of a given
protector design. Since it's sometimes impossible to separate the two, at least without having first-hand knowledge of the
intentions of the designers of other protectors, we lump these two together.
For the purposes of this discussion,
all attributes fall under the following categories:
- The Greenhouse Effect
- Interior Temperature
- Translucence
- Material
- Size
- Color
- Portability
- Durability
- Tree
Maintenance
- Installation
- Removal & Disposal
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Tree
protectors and shelters create a "mini-greenhouse" inside the tube. Both temperature and humidity are generally
higher on the inside than on the outside.
For years, many of us in the industry believed this was beneficial to
the tree. Under ideal circumstances, it is. However, conditions are seldom ideal. Under real-world conditions, some tree shelters
cause heat to increase inside the protector to such an extent that the tree is harmed and sometimes even destroyed.
A
"closed" system; i.e., one in which the only air circulating into the protector is through the opening at the top,
is not healthy for the tree. In order for photosynthesis to take place at the optimal rate, there must be a ready supply of
fresh air. A closed system also promotes the retention of excessive heat and moisture inside the protector.
In late
winter and early spring, some of these protectors; e.g., the darker, unvented type, cause the trees to emerge from dormancy.
In direct sunlight over a period of days, even in January, it can get warm enough inside the shelters for the trees to come
out of dormancy prematurely. That often results in death and dieback when the temperature drops again.
The
reverse happens in the fall when the trees are supposed to go dormant. Instead, some protectors (again, the non-vented
kind with darker, less translucent colors) retain heat, which delays the trees from going dormant.
As a result,
when the outside temperature drops into the low 20s, dieback and worse often occur because the trees haven't yet gone dormant.
TREE PRO & MIRACLE TUBE
TREE PRO (the company) manufactures two different tree
protection tubes. One is Tree Pro tree protectors. The other is Miracle Tube tree shelters.
Tree Pro protectors
are furnished flat and are formed into tubes when they are installed around the trees. Miracle Tube shelters are solid tubes
that are furnished in nested groups of five units, one inside another of a slightly larger diameter.
Both Tree Pro
and Miracle Tube designs eliminate the Greenshouse Effect's detrimental impact while retaining its benefits. They have just
the right color (hue and value) to prevent the absorption and retention of excessive heat. They have exactly the right
amount of translucency to admit the proper amount of light.
In addition, the right number and size of holes have
been drilled into the sides of these protectors. This allows the right amount of fresh air to circulate through the protector.
Note: For those applications where the Greenhouse Effect does not produce detrimental effects;
e.g., mild summers and winters, both Tree Pro and Miracle Tube can be supplied without holes.
UNVENTED TUBES
With unvented tubes, the only way that excessive heat build-up can
be dissipated is by lifting them. This labor-intensive exercise requires each lock-tie to be loosened, which after a
couple years can cause some of them to break. Worse, if the shelter was pressed down into the ground when it
was installed, it must now be twisted back and forth to break loose from the soil compacted around it. When temperatures stabilize,
the tube must then be lowered, then raised again to accommodate the change in seasons.
It should be noted
that lifting shelters may not necessarily solve the problem. In certain hot, dry conditions, lifting the shelter produces
a "chimney effect," which can cause the leaves to become dessicated.
INTERIOR
TEMPERATURE
During the summer, the temperature inside some tree protectors can be more than 30 degrees
Fahrenheit higher than ambient temperatures. At that temperature, the trees' leaves turn black and fall off. The trees suffer
dieback, lose their disease-resistance and sometimes even die.
Some tree protectors are worse than others.
To overcome this tendency to "trap" heat, both Tree Pro and Miracle Tube are light in color (thereby absorbing less
heat) and if specified, can be furnished with ventilation holes to improve the dissipation of heat.
According
to research conducted at Pennsylvania State University Forestry Department, [1] "Maximum daily temperatures inside the
unventilated brown plastic [Tubex] shelters were consistently 25 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit higher than ambient temperatures.
"The maximum unventilated tree shelter temperature recorded at the site [i.e.,
inside Tubex tree shelters] was 126 degrees F."
These extreme temperatures are due to the
increased absorption and trapping of warm air inside the shelter.
TRANSLUCENCE
Translucence
refers to the amount of diffused sunlight transmitted through the protector wall and is a function of the opacity and color
of the material used. Clear material transmits most of the light while dark-colored opaque material transmits very little.
Anecdotal
evidence, trial and error experience, as well as some studies have generally arrived at a consensus that the ideal protector
transmits between about 25 and 50 percent of the available light. This mimics the natural habitat in which a seed germinates
beneath a forest's canopy.
